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| The Intelligentsia |
I was
listening to Cornel West talk on Public Television last week. A respected professor,
scholar, and African American intellectual, West is the author of several
books, his most influential Race Matters. In his talks, West is as
comfortable referencing Frederick Douglas, Phyllis Wheatley, W. E. B. Dubois, Mark
Twain, St. Augustine, Dostoyevsky, and Martin Buber as he is Toni Morrison, Bob
Dylan, Alice Walker, John Coltrane, and Jay-Z, in the same vein as African
American intellectuals today, like Michael Eric Dyson, Henry Louis Gates Jr.,
Joy Degrue, the late Bell Hooks, and Ta-nehisi Coates.
As I
listened, I began to think, where are the Chicano, Latino, Mexican American, Latin
X, hell, I'll even take "Hispanic" intellectuals, especially these days when issues like Latino identity,
ethnicity, immigration, nationalization, education, and art are at the
forefront? Some might say we should look to Latin America, Carlos Fuentes, Rosario Castellanos, Octavio Paz, and Diego Rivera for our intellectual precursors. I'm just saying.
American
intellectualism grew out of the tradition of the 1920s, post WWI, scholarship
of thinkers like John Dewey, and Jewish literary scholars, like Lionel
Trilling, Hannah Arendt, Saul Bellow, Susan Sontag, Alfred Kazan, and Norman
Podhoretz, powerful with both the mind and the pen. Their work opened the literary
canon, from the staid formalist, “Art for Art’s Sake” theory, to the more
progressive social literary theories of today, as well as commenting on all
aspects of American culture. They got us looking inward, toward a more American identity, and away from Europe.
The Harlem
Renaissance lifted the voices of the early Black intellectuals, writers like Claude
McKay, James Baldwin, Langston Hughes, Zora Neal Hurston, Alain Locke, and
later Lorraine Hansberry. They not only created art, but they wrote reviews and
essays, critiquing high and low brow “Negro” culture, paving the way to today’s
African American intellectual tradition.
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| Mexican Anarchists and Intellectuals in Los Angeles |
One could argue
New York was the bastion of “literate” cultures, where the Southwest was mostly
agrarian and blue collar, still looking for culture. Yet, 1920s Los Angeles,
for example, was home to 20-25 Spanish-language newspapers and periodicals, monthlies,
weeklies, and dailies, a topic I explored in my third novel Death and the
American Dream. Why? Because I wanted to know who was writing and reading
these newspapers? Who were the Mexican, Californio, and Mexican American thinkers of the day?
By 1930, Anglo
migration to California from the Midwest and East surged, the population of Los
Angeles County close to one-million people, 170,000-200,000 of them Mexican,
some fleeing the 1910 Revolution and the 1925 Cristero War, others native Californios.
They not only worked the fields, mines, and railroads, but many moved into real estate, law, and agriculture. Many of them gave voice, in both
literature and art, to social injustices and helped create the early labor movements
in the Southwest.
As I
attempted to show, in my novel, there were many important Mexican “literate”
voices in the 1920s, one of the most influential Ricardo Flores Magon, along
with his brother Enrique, and members of the Mexican Liberal Party, who
published Regeneracion, a political newspaper widespread in
Spanish-speaking America, Mexico, and Latin America. With its English
translation by William C. Owen, Regeneracion reached readers across the
United States and into Europe.
Since Magon and the Magonistas resided and operated
on both sides of the border, they often saw themselves as bicultural. Magon was even tried in Los Angeles, unjustly, and died in an American prison. Magon was also the voice of the Mexican Revolution. Historians say it was he who wrote the lines for Zapata, "It is better to die on one's feet than live on one's knees," and "Land and Liberty."
The concept of a border wasn’t as definite
at the turn of the 20th century as it is today. For a few cents, and
a signature on a piece of paper, people moved freely across the border, taking
and bringing their property and ideas with them. Indo-Hispanic cultural
tradition wasn’t only captured on paper but in music, especially the nortena
and corridos, well into the 1940s by such radio hosts as Pedro J. Gonzalez, up
before dawn each morning, with his group Los Madrugadores, to entertain and
educate Mexican workers on their way to their jobs.
However, can we
discount the early journals, diaries, letters, and interviews of those Hispano-Indo-Mexicans who originated
and settled, not only California but other cities throughout the Southwest, even
into Michigan, Kansas City, and St. Louis where they migrated to work the
dairies, stockyards, and railroads?
As a
teacher for nearly thirty years, I saw future generations of
Chicano-Latino-Indo-Hispanic students and friends earn doctorates, and excel in
many intellectual fields, including those who wrote novels, poetry, and essays.
To me, their excellence has earned them the right to call themselves doctors,
scholar-writers, novelists and poets, but with that right comes a certain
responsibility and obligation -- to publish and speak out, vociferously, in the
tradition of the early intelligentsia.
So, I’m
mystified as to why I don’t hear more Mexican-Latino intellectual voices as I
do other voices in the media. Where are they? On cable’s MSNBC, anchor Alicia
Menendez, daughter of long-time Cuban American congressman Robert Menendez, has
done her best to bring on more female, Latina voices, but they are mostly political.
For a time, there were quite a few raza scholars, journalists, novelists, poets, and
essayists in the public square, but today it seems they’re relegated to the classroom.
Who decides
what or who is a “hot” intellectual commodity, worthy for publication and a
place at the lectern, the scholars themselves? It is true, scholars often
dismiss any form of popular writing, poetry, novels, and essays, as
intellectually relevant. As one noted scholar said when he was asked why popular
writers weren’t respected in academia, “You don’t turn the zoo over to the
hippopotamus.”
Maybe a
problem is that our "Latino" identity is fluid. We can't even agree on what to call ourselves. Not all Mexican Americans
identify as “Chicano,” a term many Chicano Study scholars refuse to abandon, which I understand since Mexico's children are still the largest ethnic group in the U.S. For sure, Central Americans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans don’t see themselves as
Chicano, but many do see themselves as “Latino.”
Are we all
so radically different that we don’t have a common culture? Personally, I think
when a people share the same language, religion, and hemisphere, they also
share many of the same values and cultural traits. Being from California, I experienced times in the military when I had more in common with a Puerto Rican from
New York than a Mejicano from a tiny town in Texas. If there were no Mexicans
in a platoon or company, Puerto Ricans and
Cubans immediately took me into the fold.
After all,
American Jews come from every country in the world, but they seem to agree on
their Jewishness, as a religion and a culture. African Americans didn’t all
migrate from the deep South, yet they have created something of a common
culture, even in their acceptance of their brethren who hail from Africa, Europe,
and the Caribbean. African Americans have no qualms integrating Afro-Latinos into their culture. There's power in numbers. Today, it seems Chicano scholars are fighting over who is
more indigenous than Hispanic, when part of the clave of being Chicano
was mestizaje, the whole point of Corky Gonzalez’s, Yo Soy Joaquin.
Or, maybe, I'm "off" here, and it’s
that the entire tradition of Intellectualism is a thing of the past? Since it
is reported that less than 90 percent of the American public has read an entire
book in the past year, is literature, in all its forms and genres, for that
matter, are the arts, generally, on life support, and the plug dangling from the wall, or are the arts transforming
into something unrecognizable, like techno music and
computer-generated art?
It seems
that the acquisition of wealth and possessions, today, more than ever, governs the
American ethos. The most popular forms of music are like infomercials for violence,
Gucci, gold chains, cocaine, guns, sex, pickup trucks, booze, and honky-tonks.
Will Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram soon make the NY Times Bestseller List? The
blockbuster movies feature superheroes and zombies. The Fast and Furious franchise is number one with young Mexican-Chicano-Latinos. Excited about a movie
called El Chicano, I could hardly sit through the cinematic disaster.
What a waste of excellent acting talent, but if violence and demons sell, the results are
understandable.
Lord knows,
I’m not one to look to the past or “Make America Great Again” propaganda. I’m in the
camp of those who say, “It never was great,” whatever great means. We pretend to detest China but nearly everything in our closets and medicine cabinets is produced
there. China and Saudi Arabia own more U.S. real estate than the average
working American. Russia is destroying its neighbor as the world watches, the
conclusion: buy a nuclear weapon, or, what Putin is showing the rest of non-nuclear Europe, “Watch what I’m doing to them because I can do it to you,
and nobody will help.”
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| Barrio Philosopher |
So, I’ll to
listen to what remains of the American intelligentsia, African Americans, who focus
insightfully on ethnic cultural issues, coming out of the Southern Black church
tradition; and the Anglo intellectuals, who are becoming more political than
social or cultural, except maybe for Neil Postman, Noemi Klein (though
Canadian), Thomas Freidman, and a few others. For Chicano/Latino intelligentsia,
I guess, until they show up, there's Danny Trejo and Gustavo Arellano to set us on the
right path.
